国家豁免

引文一 Citation 1

英国《国家豁免法》

第三条 在英国履行的商业行为和合同

1. 国家在涉及下列情形的诉讼中，不得享有豁免：

（a） 国家参加的商业行为；或

（b） 国家根据合同所承担的义务（不论是否为商业行为）全部或部分在英国境内履行。

2. 如果争议双方均为国家，或者另有书面约定，本条不适用；如合同（非商业行为）是在有关国家境内缔结，其发生争议的义务受该国行政法管辖时，上述第(1)(b)项不适用。

3. 本条“商业行为”是指

（a） 任何提供货物或服务的合同；

（b） 任何贷款或其他提供资金和保证的行为，或有关此等行为的补偿，或其他金融债务；以及；

（c） 国家除行使主权外所参加或从事的任何其他行为或活动（不论是否为商业的、工业的、金融的、职业性的或其他类似性质的行为或活动）；

但本条上述第（1）款的规定均不适用于国家与个人订立的雇用契约。

UK State Immunity Act

3 Commercial transactions and contracts to be performed in United Kingdom.

1. A State is not immune as respects proceedings relating to—

(a) a commercial transaction entered into by the State; or

(b) an obligation of the State which by virtue of a contract (whether a commercial transaction or not) falls to be performed wholly or partly in the United Kingdom.

2. This section does not apply if the parties to the dispute are States or have otherwise agreed in writing; and subsection (1)(b) above does not apply if the contract (not being a commercial transaction) was made in the territory of the State concerned and the obligation in question is governed by its administrative law.

3. In this section “commercial transaction” means—

(a) any contract for the supply of goods or services;

(b) any loan or other transaction for the provision of finance and any guarantee or indemnity in respect of any such transaction or of any other financial obligation; and

(c) any other transaction or activity (whether of a commercial, industrial, financial, professional or other similar character) into which a State enters or in
which it engages otherwise than in the exercise of sovereign authority;

but neither paragraph of subsection (1) above applies to a contract of employment between a State and an individual.